Factory Method Pattern

Design patterns, the big idea#

DESIGN PATTERNS = reusable templates for common design problems
- tried &true, proven solutions (not invented per-project)
- "cookbook for developers" → recipe = template, not finished dish
- built on OOP + design principles (SOLID etc.)
- NOT copy-paste code → a *shape* you adapt to your problem

3 families (GoF, 23 patterns total):
  Creational  → how objects are MADE   (Factory, Singleton, Builder...)
  Structural  → how objects are COMPOSED (Adapter, Decorator...)
  Behavioral  → how objects TALK       (Observer, Strategy...)
doodle: 3 labeled boxes [Create][Structure][Behave] = 3 GoF families
                    

Why we need them#

                        cook w/o recipe = waste time, fail, retry
recipe (others' experience) →
                        fast, tested, repeatable
SAME for code: don't re-solve solved problems
benefits: shared vocab • maintainable • flexible to change • fewer bugs
doodle: stick figure staring at empty pan vs same figure holding a book = no-recipe vs cookbook
                    

Factory Method, definition + intent#

FACTORY METHOD = delegate object creation to a separate component
key rules:
  - NO direct `new` in client → ask the factory instead
  - choose concrete type DYNAMICALLY at runtime (by input)
  - client codes to an INTERFACE, never to concrete classes
intent: decouple "what to use" from "how to build it"
doodle: client → [FACTORY box] → pops out 1 of 3 shapes (□ ○ △)
                    

The 4 roles (memorise these)#

                        P-C-F-C
                        ("Please Create Factory, Client")
  Product          = interface / abstract class (the contract)
  ConcreteProduct  = real classes implementing Product
  ProductFactory   = has the factory method that returns a Product
  Client           = wants a Product, asks Factory, never uses `new`
doodle: Client →(asks)→ Factory →(returns)→ Product ←(implements)— [PA][PB][PC]
                    

Compiler example, solution ladder#

Naive vs Factory, contrast#

Core code skeleton#

interface Compilation { void compile(String code); }

class JavaCompiler   implements Compilation { compile(){...} }
class CppCompiler    implements Compilation { compile(){...} }
class PythonCompiler implements Compilation { compile(){...} }

class CompilationFactory {
  static Compilation getInstance(String lang){
    switch(lang){ case "JAVA": return new JavaCompiler(); ... }
  }
}
// client:
Compilation c = CompilationFactory.getInstance(lang);
c.compile(code);   // no `new`, no if/else

WhatsApp Status, map the roles#

Gotchas / recall hooks#

- "Factory Method" (GoF) uses INHERITANCE/subclassed creators;
  the switch-style one above is the common "Simple Factory" idiom. [+]
  - Factory still uses `new` INSIDE it → just hidden from client
- adding a case = touches factory (small OCP leak) → registry map fixes it [+]
- return TYPE = interface; return VALUE = concrete
doodle: light switch labeled `new` hidden inside the FACTORY box, client can't see it
                    

1. What a design pattern actually is #

A design pattern is a reusable, proven template for solving a problem that keeps recurring in software design, not a finished piece of code I can drop in.

Imagine I'm hungry, I can't cook, and ordering food isn't an option. I could flail around the kitchen, burn a few attempts, and slowly figure it out. Or I could open a cookbook and follow a recipe somebody already perfected. The recipe isn't the meal; it's a tested set of steps I adapt to what's in my fridge. Design patterns are exactly that cookbook for software: experienced developers hit the same structural problems again and again, found solutions that hold up, and wrote down the shape of those solutions so the rest of us don't re-discover them the hard way.

The critical nuance is that a pattern is a template, not copy-paste code. It describes the roles, relationships, and responsibilities, and I fill in the concrete classes for my specific situation. Patterns lean heavily on object-oriented principles (encapsulation, polymorphism, abstraction) and on design principles like SOLID. They give teams a shared vocabulary too, saying "let's use a Factory here" instantly communicates an entire structure.

2. Why we even need patterns #

Patterns exist so we stop re-solving problems that have already been solved well.

Going back to the kitchen: cooking blind wastes time and effort and usually fails the first few times. Reusing someone's recipe gets a good result fast and repeatably. Software has the same dynamic. The problems of "how do I create objects flexibly," "how do I let one object watch another," "how do I add behavior without editing a class" have all been chewed on for decades. Reinventing those answers per project is wasted effort and a source of subtle bugs.

Concretely, patterns buy us: maintainability (a new dev recognizes the structure), flexibility (the design absorbs change without rewrites), a shared language, and fewer defects because the structure has been battle-tested.

3. The motivating problem, a multi-language compiler #

The goal: build a compiler service that takes code plus a language name and compiles it, where the language can be Java, C++, or Python (and might grow).

The intended API is dead simple:

class Compiler {
  public void compile(String code, String language) { }
}
// language ∈ { "JAVA", "C++", "PYTHON" } — how do we implement this?

The whole session is about answering "how do you implement compile well?" and walking up a ladder of increasingly better designs. Jump to the code ladder ↓

4. Solution 1, the naive if/else approach #

Put everything in one class and branch on the language string.

The first instinct is one big class that checks the language and calls a matching private method:

class LeetCodeCompiler {
  public void compile(String code, String language) {
    if      (language.equals("JAVA"))   compileJava(code);
    else if (language.equals("CPP"))    compileCpp(code);
    else if (language.equals("PYTHON")) compilePython(code);
  }
  private void compileJava(String code)   { /* ... */ }
  private void compileCpp(String code)    { /* ... */ }
  private void compilePython(String code) { /* ... */ }
}

It works, but ask the natural question: what happens when we add C#? I have to crack open this class, add another else if, add another private method, and re-test the whole thing. Every new language modifies the one class everyone depends on.

5. Solution 2, the "OK" approach (extract classes) #

Pull each language into its own class, but keep the if/else routing in the client.

Better: give each language a dedicated class and have the main compiler hold instances of all of them.

class LeetCodeCompiler {
  private JavaCompiler   jCompiler;
  private CppCompiler    cppCompiler;
  private PythonCompiler pCompiler;

  public LeetCodeCompiler() {           // builds all 3 up front
    jCompiler   = new JavaCompiler();
    cppCompiler = new CppCompiler();
    pCompiler   = new PythonCompiler();
  }

  public void compile(String code, String language) {
    if      (language.equals("JAVA"))   jCompiler.compileJava(code);
    else if (language.equals("CPP"))    cppCompiler.compileCpp(code);
    else if (language.equals("PYTHON")) pCompiler.compilePython(code);
  }
}

Now the compilation logic lives in separate, focused classes, that's real progress. But two problems remain. First, the client still knows about every concrete class and still has the if/else chain, so adding C# still edits this class. Second, each concrete class has a differently-named method (compileJava, compileCpp...), so they aren't interchangeable, I can't treat them uniformly.

6. Solution 3, the Factory approach #

Introduce a common interface, then let a factory decide which concrete class to build, so the client never says new and never branches on language.

Two moves make this click. Move 1: define a single interface Compilation with one uniform method compile(String code), and make every language class implement it. Now all compilers are interchangeable. Move 2: create a CompilationFactory whose job is to take the language string and hand back the right Compilation object. The client just asks the factory and calls compile.

interface Compilation { void compile(String code); }

class CompilationFactory {
  public static Compilation getInstance(String language) {
    switch (language) {
      case "JAVA":   return new JavaCompiler();
      case "PYTHON": return new PythonCompiler();
      case "CPP":    return new CppCompiler();
      default:       return null;
    }
  }
}

class LeetCodeCompiler {           // the Client
  public void compile(String code, String language) {
    Compilation instance = CompilationFactory.getInstance(language);
    instance.compile(code);     // no `new`, no if/else here
  }
}

The payoff shows when C# arrives: I write a CSharpCompiler implements Compilation and add one case to the factory. The client class doesn't change at all. Creation is centralized in one place, and the rest of the app talks only to the interface.

7. The four roles (UML structure) #

Every Factory setup has four named roles, learn these and you can map the pattern onto anything.

                        FACTORY METHOD — role map
                        Client ───asks for──▶ ProductFactory
     │                        │ creates
     │ uses                   ▼
     ▼                   ┌──────────┐
   Product (interface)◀──│  new Xxx │
     ▲                   └──────────┘
     │ implements
   ┌───────────┬───────────┬───────────┐
 ConcreteA   ConcreteB   ConcreteC   ...
doodle: Client → [Factory] → returns a shape; 3 shapes (□○△) sit under a "Product" umbrella line
                    

8. Practice mapping, the WhatsApp Status feature #

WhatsApp lets a user post a status visible for 24 hours, and the content can be Text, Image, or Video, perfect for Factory.

The exercise is to map this onto the four roles. A status type is chosen at runtime based on what the user posts, exactly the "pick a concrete type dynamically" situation Factory is built for.

The full runnable version is in the code section. See WhatsApp Status code ↓ and a hands-on build in Exercise 5.

Key Takeaways#

Standard JDK only. Each file is self-contained, compile with javac File.java and run with java ClassName. The compileX bodies just print a line so you can see the dispatch working.

3.1 Naive if/else  (maps to Notes §4) #

public class NaiveCompiler {
  // One class, one big branch. Works, but every new language edits this method.
  public void compile(String code, String language) {
    if      (language.equals("JAVA"))   compileJava(code);
    else if (language.equals("CPP"))    compileCpp(code);   // fixed: was checking the wrong var
    else if (language.equals("PYTHON")) compilePython(code);
    else System.out.println("Unsupported: " + language);
  }

  private void compileJava(String c)   { System.out.println("Compiling Java: " + c); }
  private void compileCpp(String c)    { System.out.println("Compiling C++:  " + c); }
  private void compilePython(String c) { System.out.println("Compiling Py:   " + c); }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    NaiveCompiler nc = new NaiveCompiler();
    nc.compile("x=1", "JAVA");
    nc.compile("y=2", "PYTHON");
    nc.compile("z=3", "GO");     // not supported → handled by else
  }
}

Compiling Java: x=1
Compiling Py:   y=2
Unsupported: GO

Why this behaves so: dispatch is decided by string equality at the call site. Adding "GO" support means returning here and editing the chain, the smell the factory removes.

3.2 Factory solution  (maps to Notes §6 &§7) #

// ---- Product: the contract every compiler obeys ----
interface Compilation { void compile(String code); }

// ---- ConcreteProducts: interchangeable because the method name is uniform ----
class JavaCompiler implements Compilation {
  public void compile(String c) { System.out.println("[Java]   " + c); }
}
class CppCompiler implements Compilation {
  public void compile(String c) { System.out.println("[C++]    " + c); }
}
class PythonCompiler implements Compilation {
  public void compile(String c) { System.out.println("[Python] " + c); }
}

// ---- ProductFactory: the ONLY place that knows the concrete classes ----
class CompilationFactory {
  public static Compilation getInstance(String language) {
    switch (language) {                       // new lang → add ONE case here
      case "JAVA":   return new JavaCompiler();
      case "PYTHON": return new PythonCompiler();
      case "CPP":    return new CppCompiler();
      default: throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown: " + language);
    }
  }
}

// ---- Client: depends only on the interface; never says `new` ----
public class FactoryDemo {
  public void compile(String code, String language) {
    Compilation instance = CompilationFactory.getInstance(language);
    instance.compile(code);
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    FactoryDemo client = new FactoryDemo();
    for (String lang : new String[]{"JAVA", "PYTHON", "CPP"})
      client.compile("print(1)", lang);
  }
}

[Java]   print(1)
[Python] print(1)
[C++]    print(1)

Why this behaves so: the client variable's declared type is Compilation (the interface) but its runtime type is whatever the factory built, this is polymorphic dispatch. The for loop proves all three are interchangeable through one variable.

3.3 WhatsApp Status  (maps to Notes §8) #

// Product
interface Status { void display(); }

// ConcreteProducts — each status type knows how to render itself
class TextStatus implements Status {
  private final String text;
  TextStatus(String t) { this.text = t; }
  public void display() { System.out.println("📝 Text status: " + text); }
}
class ImageStatus implements Status {
  public void display() { System.out.println("🖼  Image status rendered"); }
}
class VideoStatus implements Status {
  public void display() { System.out.println("🎬 Video status (24h) playing"); }
}

// ProductFactory
class StatusFactory {
  public static Status getStatus(String type, String payload) {
    switch (type.toUpperCase()) {
      case "TEXT":  return new TextStatus(payload);
      case "IMAGE": return new ImageStatus();
      case "VIDEO": return new VideoStatus();
      default: throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bad type: " + type);
    }
  }
}

// Client — the status feature
public class StatusDemo {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    StatusFactory.getStatus("text",  "Hello!").display();
    StatusFactory.getStatus("image", null).display();
    StatusFactory.getStatus("video", null).display();
  }
}

📝 Text status: Hello!
🖼  Image status rendered
🎬 Video status (24h) playing

Why this behaves so: the factory is case-insensitive (toUpperCase() ) so "text" and "TEXT" both work, a small robustness touch. Same four roles as the compiler, different domain.

3.4 + Registry-based factory  (removes the switch, closes OCP, maps to Notes §6 caveat) #

import java.util.*;
import java.util.function.*;

interface Compilation { void compile(String code); }

public class RegistryFactory {
  // language → "how to build it". Adding a type = put() one entry; no switch to edit.
  private static final Map<String, Supplier<Compilation>> REG = new HashMap<>();

  public static void register(String key, Supplier<Compilation> maker) {
    REG.put(key, maker);
  }

  public static Compilation getInstance(String language) {
    Supplier<Compilation> s = REG.get(language);
    if (s == null) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown: " + language);
    return s.get();
  }

  public static void main(String[] args) {
    register("JAVA",   () -> c -> System.out.println("[Java] " + c));
    register("PYTHON", () -> c -> System.out.println("[Py]   " + c));
    // extension WITHOUT editing the factory body:
    register("CSHARP", () -> c -> System.out.println("[C#]   " + c));

    getInstance("JAVA").compile("a()");
    getInstance("CSHARP").compile("b()");
  }
}

[Java] a()
[C#]   b()

Why this behaves so: a Supplier<Compilation> is a deferred constructor, calling .get() builds a fresh object on demand. New types register themselves into the map, so getInstance never changes, fully satisfying Open/Closed.